Surface-emitting lasers are a type of semiconductor laser that emit light perpendicular to the surface of the active region, rather than parallel to the surface as in edge-emitting lasers. This unique design allows for compact and efficient devices that are suitable for a wide range of applications, including optical communications, sensors, and displays. Surface-emitting lasers typically consist of a vertical cavity structure that incorporates distributed Bragg reflectors to achieve high levels of reflection and enable light emission perpendicular to the surface. This design provides several advantages over traditional edge-emitting lasers, including higher output power, narrower emission wavelengths, and improved beam quality. Research in the field of surface-emitting lasers focuses on optimizing device performance, increasing power output, and expanding the range of applications for these compact and efficient light sources. This includes exploring new materials, structures, and fabrication techniques to improve the performance and reliability of surface-emitting lasers for various applications in telecommunications, data storage, and sensing.